Weekly Vulnerabilities Reports > August 19 to 25, 2013

Buffer overflow in Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Unified CM) 7.1(x) before 7.1(5b)su6, 8.5(x) before 8.5(1)su6, 8.6(x) before 8.6(2a)su3, and 9.x before 9.1(2) allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary code via unspecified vectors, aka Bug ID CSCud54358.

ping.php in Global Console Manager 16 (GCM16) and Global Console Manager 32 (GCM32) before 1.20.0.22575 on the IBM Avocent 1754 KVM switch allows remote authenticated users to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in the (1) count or (2) size parameter.

Memory leak in Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Unified CM) 8.5(x) before 8.5(1)su6, 8.6(x) before 8.6(2a)su3, and 9.x before 9.1(1) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (service disruption) via a high rate of UDP packets, aka Bug ID CSCub85597.

Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Unified CM) 7.1(x) before 7.1(5b)su6a does not properly handle errors, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (service disruption) via malformed registration messages, aka Bug ID CSCuf93466.

Memory leak in Cisco Prime Central for Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS) Assurance 8.6 and 9.x before 9.2(1) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a flood of TCP packets, aka Bug ID CSCub59158.

Cisco Prime Central for Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS) Assurance 8.6 and 9.x before 9.2(1) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a flood of TCP packets to port (1) 61615 or (2) 61616, aka Bug ID CSCtz90114.

Cisco Prime Central for Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS) Assurance 8.6 and 9.x before 9.2(1) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption) via a flood of TCP packets to port 44444, aka Bug ID CSCtz92776.

Cisco Prime Central for Hosted Collaboration Solution (HCS) Assurance 8.6 and 9.x before 9.2(1) allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (disk consumption) via a flood of TCP packets to port 5400, leading to large error-log files, aka Bug ID CSCua42724.

Memory leak in Cisco Unified Communications Manager IM and Presence Service before 8.6(5)SU1 and 9.x before 9.1(2), and Cisco Unified Presence, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory and CPU consumption) by making many TCP connections to port (1) 5060 or (2) 5061, aka Bug ID CSCud84959.

The Kepware DNP Master Driver for the KEPServerEX Communications Platform before 5.12.140.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (master-station infinite loop) via crafted DNP3 packets to TCP port 20000 and allows physically proximate attackers to cause a denial of service (master-station infinite loop) via crafted input over a serial line.

Multiple integer overflows in the Intel WiMAX Network Service through 1.5.2 for Intel Wireless WiMAX Connection 2400 devices allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (component crash) or possibly execute arbitrary code via an L5 connection with a crafted PDU value that triggers a heap-based buffer overflow within (1) L5SocketsDispatcher.c or (2) L5Connector.c.

SQL injection vulnerability in links.php in MYRE Business Directory allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the cat parameter.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in MYRE Vacation Rental Software allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) garage1 or (2) bathrooms1 parameter to vacation/1_mobile/search.php, or (3) unspecified input to vacation/widgate/request_more_information.php.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in MYRE Realty Manager allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the bathrooms1 parameter to (1) demo2/search.php or (2) search.php.

Buffer overflow in the Authenticate method in the INCREDISPOOLERLib.Pop ActiveX control in ImSpoolU.dll in IncrediMail 2.0 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (application crash) or possibly have unspecified other impact via a long string in the first argument.

(1) snmp.php and (2) rrd.php in Cacti before 0.8.8b allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary commands via shell metacharacters in unspecified vectors.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in (1) api_poller.php and (2) utility.php in Cacti before 0.8.8b allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors.

SQL injection vulnerability in the Slideshare extension 0.1.0 for TYPO3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors.

Auth/Yadis/XML.php in PHP OpenID Library 2.2.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to read arbitrary files, send HTTP requests to intranet servers, or cause a denial of service (CPU and memory consumption) via XRDS data containing an external entity declaration in conjunction with an entity reference, related to an XML External Entity (XXE) issue.

XML injection vulnerability in account/utils.py in OpenStack Swift Folsom, Grizzly, and Havana allows attackers to trigger invalid or spoofed Swift responses via an account name.

SQL injection vulnerability in the CoolURI extension before 1.0.30 for TYPO3 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via unspecified vectors.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in AlienVault Open Source Security Information Management (OSSIM) 4.1 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the (1) sensor parameter in a Query action to forensics/base_qry_main.php; the (2) tcp_flags[] or (3) tcp_port[0][4] parameter to forensics/base_stat_alerts.php; the (4) ip_addr[1][8] or (5) port_type parameter to forensics/base_stat_ports.php; or the (6) sortby or (7) rvalue parameter in a search action to vulnmeter/index.php.

SQL injection vulnerability in Ginkgo CMS 5.0 allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the rang parameter to index.php.

Puppet 2.7.x before 2.7.22 and 3.2.x before 3.2.2, and Puppet Enterprise before 2.8.2, deserializes untrusted YAML, which allows remote attackers to instantiate arbitrary Ruby classes and execute arbitrary code via a crafted REST API call.

Multiple SQL injection vulnerabilities in Vastal I-Tech phpVID 1.2.3 allow remote attackers to execute arbitrary SQL commands via the "n" parameter to (1) browse_videos.php or (2) members.php.

Cisco Unified Communications Manager (Unified CM) 8.5(x) and 8.6(x) before 8.6(2a)su3 and 9.x before 9.1(1) does not properly restrict the rate of SIP packets, which allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory and CPU consumption, and service disruption) via a flood of UDP packets to port 5060, aka Bug ID CSCub35869.

vmware-mount in VMware Workstation 8.x and 9.x and VMware Player 4.x and 5.x, on systems based on Debian GNU/Linux, allows host OS users to gain host OS privileges via a crafted lsb_release binary in a directory in the PATH, related to use of the popen library function.

Multiple unspecified vulnerabilities in the Elf parser (libelf) in Xen 4.2.x and earlier allow local guest administrators with certain permissions to have an unspecified impact via a crafted kernel, related to "other problems" that are not CVE-2013-2194 or CVE-2013-2195.

The Elf parser (libelf) in Xen 4.2.x and earlier allow local guest administrators with certain permissions to have an unspecified impact via a crafted kernel, related to "pointer dereferences" involving unexpected calculations.

Multiple integer overflows in the Elf parser (libelf) in Xen 4.2.x and earlier allow local guest administrators with certain permissions to have an unspecified impact via a crafted kernel.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 does not use a session timeout, which makes it easier for attackers to gain privileges by leveraging an unattended workstation.

Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 does not properly restrict access to private callback components, which allows remote attackers to have an unspecified impact via a direct request.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in the Administrative console in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 6.1 before 6.1.0.47, 7.0 before 7.0.0.31, 8.0 before 8.0.0.7, and 8.5 before 8.5.5.1 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of arbitrary users for requests that insert cross-site scripting (XSS) sequences.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in RiteCMS 1.0.0 allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that change the administrator password via an edit user action to cms/index.php.

Integer overflow in PuTTY 0.62 and earlier, WinSCP before 5.1.6, and other products that use PuTTY allows remote SSH servers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly execute arbitrary code in certain applications that use PuTTY via a negative size value in an RSA key signature during the SSH handshake, which triggers a heap-based buffer overflow.

Heap-based buffer underflow in the modmul function in sshbn.c in PuTTY before 0.63 allows remote SSH servers to cause a denial of service (crash) and possibly trigger memory corruption or code execution via a crafted DSA signature, which is not properly handled when performing certain bit-shifting operations during modular multiplication.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in core/admin/modules/users/update.php in BigTree CMS 4.0 RC2 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that modify arbitrary user accounts via an edit user action.

Cross-site request forgery (CSRF) vulnerability in core/admin/modules/users/create.php in BigTree CMS 4.0 RC2 and earlier allows remote attackers to hijack the authentication of administrators for requests that create an administrative user via an add user action to index.php.

Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 allows remote authenticated users with the permissions to view the administration pages to execute arbitrary private components via unspecified vectors.

Request Tracker (RT) 4.x before 4.0.13 does not properly enforce the DeleteTicket and "custom lifecycle transition" permission, which allows remote authenticated users with the ModifyTicket permission to delete tickets via unspecified vectors.

The mm_webform submodule in the Monster Menus module 6.x-6.x before 6.x-6.61 and 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.13 for Drupal does not properly restrict access to webform submissions, which allows remote authenticated users with the "Who can read data submitted to this webform" permission to delete arbitrary submissions via unspecified vectors.

The Python client in Apache Qpid before 2.2 does not verify that the server hostname matches a domain name in the subject's Common Name (CN) or subjectAltName field of the X.509 certificate, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof SSL servers via an arbitrary valid certificate.

The Yahoo! Japan Shopping application 1.4 and earlier for Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.

The Yahoo! Japan Yafuoku! application 4.3.0 and earlier for iOS and Android does not verify X.509 certificates from SSL servers, which allows man-in-the-middle attackers to spoof servers and obtain sensitive information via a crafted certificate.

The reset password page in Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 does not force entry of the current password, which allows attackers to modify user passwords by leveraging session hijacking, an unattended workstation, or other vectors.

Open redirect vulnerability in the login page in Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 allows remote attackers to redirect users to arbitrary web sites and conduct phishing attacks via a URL in the service parameter.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 does not sufficiently invalidate a session when a user logs out, which might allow remote attackers to hijack sessions by obtaining an old session ID.

Unspecified vulnerability in Puppet 2.7.x before 2.7.23 and 3.2.x before 3.2.4, and Puppet Enterprise 2.8.x before 2.8.3 and 3.0.x before 3.0.1, allows remote attackers to execute arbitrary Ruby programs from the master via the resource_type service.

CRLF injection vulnerability in Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary HTTP headers and conduct HTTP response splitting attacks via a MIME header.

The OSIsoft PI Interface for IEEE C37.118 before 1.0.6.158 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (instance shutdown and data-collection outage) via crafted C37.118 configuration packets that trigger an invalid read operation.

The OSIsoft PI Interface for IEEE C37.118 before 1.0.6.158 allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (memory consumption or memory corruption, instance shutdown, and data-collection outage) via crafted C37.118 configuration packets.

IBM WebSphere Portal 6.1, 7.0, and 8.0 allows remote attackers to access the user directory via a crafted request for a servlet, related to the serveServletsByClassnameEnabled setting.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 allows remote attackers to obtain the database password via vectors related to how the password is "seeded as a console parameter," External Node Classifiers, and the lack of access control for /nodes.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 does not set the secure flag for the session cookie in an https session, which makes it easier for remote attackers to capture this cookie by intercepting its transmission within an http session.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 includes version information for the Apache and Phusion Passenger products in its HTTP response headers, which allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information.

The (1) red_channel_pipes_add_type and (2) red_channel_pipes_add_empty_msg functions in server/red_channel.c in SPICE before 0.12.4 do not properly perform ring loops, which might allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service (reachable assertion and server exit) by triggering a network error.

HAProxy 1.4 before 1.4.24 and 1.5 before 1.5-dev19, when configured to use hdr_ip or other "hdr_*" functions with a negative occurrence count, allows remote attackers to cause a denial of service (negative array index usage and crash) via an HTTP header with a certain number of values, related to the MAX_HDR_HISTORY variable.

The cpansign verify functionality in the Module::Signature module before 0.72 for Perl allows attackers to bypass the signature check and execute arbitrary code via a SIGNATURE file with a "special unknown cipher" that references an untrusted module in Digest/.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in search.php in MYRE Business Directory allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the look parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in vacation/1_mobile/alert_members.php in MYRE Vacation Rental Software allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the link_idd parameter in a login action.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in search.php in MYRE Realty Manager allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the cat_id1 parameter.

Unspecified vulnerability in Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13, when using the Apache::Session::File session store, allows remote attackers to obtain sensitive information (user preferences and caches) via unknown vectors, related to a "limited session re-use."

Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 allows remote attackers to inject multiple Content-Disposition HTTP headers and possibly conduct cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.3 through 3.8.16 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the filename of an attachment.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Javascript and CSS Optimizer extension before 1.1.14 for TYPO3 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Administrative console in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 6.1 before 6.1.0.47, 7.0 before 7.0.0.29, 8.0 before 8.0.0.7, and 8.5 before 8.5.5.0 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

OpenStack Keystone Folsom, Grizzly before 2013.1.3, and Havana, when using LDAP with Anonymous binding, allows remote attackers to bypass authentication via an empty password.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Static Info Tables (static_info_tables) extension before 2.3.1 for TYPO3 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Forums/EditPost.aspx in mojoPortal before 2.3.9.8 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the txtSubject parameter.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in secure/admin/user/views/deleteuserconfirm.jsp in the Admin Panel in Atlassian JIRA before 6.0.5 allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the name parameter to secure/admin/user/DeleteUser!default.jspa.

Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the signin functionality of ics in MyTeamwork services in Alcatel-Lucent Omnitouch 8660 My Teamwork before 6.7, Omnitouch 8670 Automated Message Delivery System (AMDS) before 6.7, Omnitouch 8460 Advanced Communication Server before 9.1, and OmniTouch 8400 Instant Communications Suite before 6.7.3 (1) allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a crafted URL that results in a reflected XSS or (2) allow user-assisted remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a user's personal bookmark entry that results in a stored XSS via unspecified vectors.

phpMyAdmin 3.5.x and 4.0.x before 4.0.5 allows remote attackers to bypass the clickjacking protection mechanism via certain vectors related to Header.class.php.

Buffer overflow in sshbn.c in PuTTY before 0.63 allows remote SSH servers to cause a denial of service (crash) via an invalid DSA signature that is not properly handled during computation of a modular inverse and triggers the overflow during a division by zero by the bignum functionality, a different vulnerability than CVE-2013-4206.

Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in the Scald module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.1 for Drupal allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) flash_uri, (2) flash_width, or (3) flash_height in the scald_flash_scald_prerender function in providers/scald_flash/scald_flash.module; or the (4) caption in the scald_image_scald_prerender function in providers/scald_image/scald_image.module.

Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Apache CloudStack before 4.1.1 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) Physical network name to the Zone wizard; (2) New network name, (3) instance name, or (4) group to the Instance wizard; (5) unspecified "multi-edit fields;" and (6) unspecified "list view" edit fields related to global settings.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in serendipity_admin_image_selector.php in Serendipity 1.6.2 and earlier allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the serendipity[htmltarget] parameter.

Multiple cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerabilities in Vastal I-Tech phpVID 1.2.3 allow remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the (1) n parameter to browse_videos.php or the (2) cat parameter to groups.php.

Directory traversal vulnerability in IBM Optim Performance Manager 4.1.1 and IBM InfoSphere Optim Performance Manager 5.x before 5.2 allows remote authenticated users to read arbitrary files via a crafted URL.

OpenStack Swift before 1.9.1 in Folsom, Grizzly, and Havana allows authenticated users to cause a denial of service ("superfluous" tombstone consumption and Swift cluster slowdown) via a DELETE request with a timestamp that is older than expected.

Puppet Module Tool (PMT), as used in Puppet 2.7.x before 2.7.23 and 3.2.x before 3.2.4, and Puppet Enterprise 2.8.x before 2.8.3 and 3.0.x before 3.0.1, installs modules with weak permissions if those permissions were used when the modules were originally built, which might allow local users to read or modify those modules depending on the original permissions.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Advantech WebAccess (formerly BroadWin WebAccess) before 7.1 2013.05.30 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Administrative console in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 6.1 before 6.1.0.47, 7.0 before 7.0.0.31, 8.0 before 8.0.0.7, and 8.5 before 8.5.5.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified fields.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Administrative console in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 8.0 before 8.0.0.7 and 8.5 before 8.5.5.1 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 7.0 before 7.0.0.29, 8.0 before 8.0.0.7, and 8.5 before 8.5.5.0, when OAuth is used, allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via unspecified vectors.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in RiteCMS 1.0.0 allows remote authenticated users to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the mode parameter to cms/index.php.

bin/rt in Request Tracker (RT) 3.8.x before 3.8.17 and 4.0.x before 4.0.13 allows local users to overwrite arbitrary files via a symlink attack on a temporary file with predictable name.

VDSM in Red Hat Enterprise Virtualization 3 and 3.2 allows privileged guest users to cause the host to become "unavailable to the managment server" via guestInfo dictionaries with "unexpected fields."

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in Request Tracker (RT) 4.x before 4.0.13, when MakeClicky is configured, allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a URL in a ticket.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Spambot module 6.x-3.x before 6.x-3.2 and 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.1 for Drupal allows certain remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a stopforumspam.com API response, which is logged by the watchdog.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Resource Manager in the MEE submodule (mee.module) in the Scald module 6.x-1.x before 6.x-1.0-beta3 and 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.1 for Drupal allows remote attackers to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via the atom title, a different vector than CVE-2013-4174.

The InitMethodAndPassword function in InfraStack/OSAgnostic/WiMax/Agents/Supplicant/Source/SupplicantAgent.c in the Intel WiMAX Network Service through 1.5.2 for Intel Wireless WiMAX Connection 2400 devices uses the same RSA private key in supplicant_key.pem on all systems, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified decryption operations.

The OSAL_Crypt_SetEncryptedPassword function in InfraStack/OSDependent/Linux/OSAL/Services/wimax_osal_crypt_services.c in the OSAL crypt module in the Intel WiMAX Network Service through 1.5.2 for Intel Wireless WiMAX Connection 2400 devices logs a cleartext password during certain attempts to set a password, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information by reading a log file.

The Trace_OpenLogFile function in InfraStack/OSDependent/Linux/InfraStackModules/TraceModule/TraceModule.c in the Trace module in the Intel WiMAX Network Service through 1.5.2 for Intel Wireless WiMAX Connection 2400 devices uses world-writable permissions for wimaxd.log, which allows local users to cause a denial of service (data corruption) by modifying this file.

PuTTY 0.59 through 0.61 does not clear sensitive process memory when managing user replies that occur during keyboard-interactive authentication, which might allow local users to read login passwords by obtaining access to the process' memory.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Imagemenu module 6.x-1.x before 6.x-1.4 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with the "administer imagemenu" permission to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via an image file name.

Cross-site scripting (XSS) vulnerability in the Monster Menus module 7.x-1.x before 7.x-1.12 for Drupal allows remote authenticated users with permissions to add pages to inject arbitrary web script or HTML via a title in the page settings.

Puppet Enterprise before 3.0.1 uses HTTP responses that contain sensitive information without the "no-cache" setting, which might allow local users to obtain sensitive information such as (1) host name, (2) MAC address, and (3) SSH keys via the web browser cache.

The rsa_verify function in PuTTY before 0.63 (1) does not clear sensitive process memory after use and (2) does not free certain structures containing sensitive process memory, which might allow local users to discover private RSA and DSA keys.

The Administrative console in IBM WebSphere Application Server (WAS) 6.1 before 6.1.0.47, 7.0 before 7.0.0.29, 8.0 before 8.0.0.7, and 8.5 before 8.5.5.0 does not properly perform caching, which allows local users to obtain sensitive information via unspecified vectors.

GnuPG before 1.4.14, and Libgcrypt before 1.5.3 as used in GnuPG 2.0.x and possibly other products, allows local users to obtain private RSA keys via a cache side-channel attack involving the L3 cache, aka Flush+Reload.

Race condition in the post-installation script (mysql-server-5.5.postinst) for MySQL Server 5.5 for Debian GNU/Linux and Ubuntu Linux creates a configuration file with world-readable permissions before restricting the permissions, which allows local users to read the file and obtain sensitive information such as credentials.