Vulnerabilities > CVE-2011-3015 - Integer Overflow OR Wraparound vulnerability in Google Chrome

047910
CVSS 6.8 - MEDIUM
Attack vector
NETWORK
Attack complexity
MEDIUM
Privileges required
NONE
Confidentiality impact
PARTIAL
Integrity impact
PARTIAL
Availability impact
PARTIAL
network
google
CWE-190
nessus
NVD
Published: 2012-02-16
Updated: 2020-04-16

Summary

Multiple integer overflows in the PDF codecs in Google Chrome before 17.0.963.56 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.

Vulnerable Configurations

Part Description Count
Application
Google
2020

Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE)

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)

  • Forced Integer Overflow
    This attack forces an integer variable to go out of range. The integer variable is often used as an offset such as size of memory allocation or similarly. The attacker would typically control the value of such variable and try to get it out of range. For instance the integer in question is incremented past the maximum possible value, it may wrap to become a very small, or negative number, therefore providing a very incorrect value which can lead to unexpected behavior. At worst the attacker can execute arbitrary code.

Nessus

  • NASL familyWindows
    NASL idGOOGLE_CHROME_17_0_963_56.NASL
    descriptionThe version of Google Chrome installed on the remote host is earlier than 17.0.963.56 and is, therefore, affected by the following vulnerabilities: - Integer overflow errors exist related to PDF codecs and libpng. (CVE-2011-3015, CVE-2011-3026) - A read-after-free error exists related to
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id57974
    published2012-02-16
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2012-2018 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/57974
    titleGoogle Chrome < 17.0.963.56 Multiple Vulnerabilities
    code
    #
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(57974);
  script_version("1.9");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2018/11/15 20:50:26");

  script_cve_id(
    "CVE-2011-3015",
    "CVE-2011-3016",
    "CVE-2011-3017",
    "CVE-2011-3018",
    "CVE-2011-3019",
    "CVE-2011-3020",
    "CVE-2011-3021",
    "CVE-2011-3022",
    "CVE-2011-3023",
    "CVE-2011-3024",
    "CVE-2011-3025",
    "CVE-2011-3026",
    "CVE-2011-3027"
  );
  script_bugtraq_id(52031, 52049);

  script_name(english:"Google Chrome < 17.0.963.56 Multiple Vulnerabilities");
  script_summary(english:"Checks version number of Google Chrome");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"synopsis", value:
"The remote host contains a web browser that is affected by multiple
vulnerabilities.");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"description", value:
"The version of Google Chrome installed on the remote host is earlier
than 17.0.963.56 and is, therefore, affected by the following
vulnerabilities:

  - Integer overflow errors exist related to PDF codecs and
    libpng. (CVE-2011-3015, CVE-2011-3026)

  - A read-after-free error exists related to 'counter
    nodes'. (CVE-2011-3016)

  - Use-after-free errors exist related to database
    handling, subframe loading, and drag-and-drop
    functionality. (CVE-2011-3017, CVE-2011-3021,
    CVE-2011-3023)

  - Heap-overflow errors exist related to path rendering and
    'MKV' handling. (CVE-2011-3018, CVE-2011-3019)

  - Unspecified errors exist related to the native
    client validator and HTTP use with translation scripts.
    (CVE-2011-3020, CVE-2011-3022)

  - Empty x509 certificates can cause browser crashes.
    (CVE-2011-3024)

  - An out-of-bounds read error exists related to h.264
    parsing. (CVE-2011-3025)

  - A bad variable cast exists related to column handling.
    (CVE-2011-3027)");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"see_also", value:"http://www.nessus.org/u?32f2be13");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"solution", value:"Upgrade to Google Chrome 17.0.963.56 or later.");
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C");
  script_set_cvss_temporal_vector("CVSS2#E:U/RL:OF/RC:C");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"exploitability_ease", value:"No known exploits are available");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"exploit_available", value:"false");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2012/02/15");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2012/02/15");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2012/02/16");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/a:google:chrome");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_family(english:"Windows");

  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2012-2018 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");

  script_dependencies("google_chrome_installed.nasl");
  script_require_keys("SMB/Google_Chrome/Installed");

  exit(0);
}

include("google_chrome_version.inc");

get_kb_item_or_exit("SMB/Google_Chrome/Installed");

installs = get_kb_list("SMB/Google_Chrome/*");
google_chrome_check_version(installs:installs, fix:'17.0.963.56', severity:SECURITY_HOLE);
  • NASL familyFreeBSD Local Security Checks
    NASL idFREEBSD_PKG_2F5FF968582911E1828800262D5ED8EE.NASL
    descriptionGoogle Chrome Releases reports : [105803] High CVE-2011-3015: Integer overflows in PDF codecs. Credit to Google Chrome Security Team (scarybeasts). [106336] Medium CVE-2011-3016: Read-after-free with counter nodes. Credit to miaubiz. [108695] High CVE-2011-3017: Possible use-after-free in database handling. Credit to miaubiz. [110172] High CVE-2011-3018: Heap overflow in path rendering. Credit to Aki Helin of OUSPG. [110849] High CVE-2011-3019: Heap buffer overflow in MKV handling. Credit to Google Chrome Security Team (scarybeasts) and Mateusz Jurczyk of the Google Security Team. [111575] Medium CVE-2011-3020: Native client validator error. Credit to Nick Bray of the Chromium development community. [111779] High CVE-2011-3021: Use-after-free in subframe loading. Credit to Arthur Gerkis. [112236] Medium CVE-2011-3022: Inappropriate use of http for translation script. Credit to Google Chrome Security Team (Jorge Obes). [112259] Medium CVE-2011-3023: Use-after-free with drag and drop. Credit to pa_kt. [112451] Low CVE-2011-3024: Browser crash with empty x509 certificate. Credit to chrometot. [112670] Medium CVE-2011-3025: Out-of-bounds read in h.264 parsing. Credit to Slawomir Blazek. [112822] High CVE-2011-3026: Integer overflow / truncation in libpng. Credit to Juri Aedla. [112847] Medium CVE-2011-3027: Bad cast in column handling. Credit to miaubiz.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id57968
    published2012-02-16
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/57968
    titleFreeBSD : chromium -- multiple vulnerabilities (2f5ff968-5829-11e1-8288-00262d5ed8ee)
    code
    #
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were  
# extracted from the FreeBSD VuXML database :
#
# Copyright 2003-2013 Jacques Vidrine and contributors
#
# Redistribution and use in source (VuXML) and 'compiled' forms (SGML,
# HTML, PDF, PostScript, RTF and so forth) with or without modification,
# are permitted provided that the following conditions are met:
# 1. Redistributions of source code (VuXML) must retain the above
#    copyright notice, this list of conditions and the following
#    disclaimer as the first lines of this file unmodified.
# 2. Redistributions in compiled form (transformed to other DTDs,
#    published online in any format, converted to PDF, PostScript,
#    RTF and other formats) must reproduce the above copyright
#    notice, this list of conditions and the following disclaimer
#    in the documentation and/or other materials provided with the
#    distribution.
# 
# THIS DOCUMENTATION IS PROVIDED BY THE AUTHOR AND CONTRIBUTORS "AS IS"
# AND ANY EXPRESS OR IMPLIED WARRANTIES, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO,
# THE IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY AND FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
# PURPOSE ARE DISCLAIMED. IN NO EVENT SHALL THE AUTHOR OR CONTRIBUTORS
# BE LIABLE FOR ANY DIRECT, INDIRECT, INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL, EXEMPLARY,
# OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES (INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO, PROCUREMENT
# OF SUBSTITUTE GOODS OR SERVICES; LOSS OF USE, DATA, OR PROFITS; OR
# BUSINESS INTERRUPTION) HOWEVER CAUSED AND ON ANY THEORY OF LIABILITY,
# WHETHER IN CONTRACT, STRICT LIABILITY, OR TORT (INCLUDING NEGLIGENCE
# OR OTHERWISE) ARISING IN ANY WAY OUT OF THE USE OF THIS DOCUMENTATION,
# EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGE.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(57968);
  script_version("$Revision: 1.4 $");
  script_cvs_date("$Date: 2013/06/21 23:48:18 $");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2011-3015", "CVE-2011-3016", "CVE-2011-3017", "CVE-2011-3018", "CVE-2011-3019", "CVE-2011-3020", "CVE-2011-3021", "CVE-2011-3022", "CVE-2011-3023", "CVE-2011-3024", "CVE-2011-3025", "CVE-2011-3026", "CVE-2011-3027");

  script_name(english:"FreeBSD : chromium -- multiple vulnerabilities (2f5ff968-5829-11e1-8288-00262d5ed8ee)");
  script_summary(english:"Checks for updated package in pkg_info output");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote FreeBSD host is missing a security-related update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"Google Chrome Releases reports :

[105803] High CVE-2011-3015: Integer overflows in PDF codecs. Credit
to Google Chrome Security Team (scarybeasts).

[106336] Medium CVE-2011-3016: Read-after-free with counter nodes.
Credit to miaubiz.

[108695] High CVE-2011-3017: Possible use-after-free in database
handling. Credit to miaubiz.

[110172] High CVE-2011-3018: Heap overflow in path rendering. Credit
to Aki Helin of OUSPG.

[110849] High CVE-2011-3019: Heap buffer overflow in MKV handling.
Credit to Google Chrome Security Team (scarybeasts) and Mateusz
Jurczyk of the Google Security Team.

[111575] Medium CVE-2011-3020: Native client validator error. Credit
to Nick Bray of the Chromium development community.

[111779] High CVE-2011-3021: Use-after-free in subframe loading.
Credit to Arthur Gerkis.

[112236] Medium CVE-2011-3022: Inappropriate use of http for
translation script. Credit to Google Chrome Security Team (Jorge
Obes).

[112259] Medium CVE-2011-3023: Use-after-free with drag and drop.
Credit to pa_kt.

[112451] Low CVE-2011-3024: Browser crash with empty x509 certificate.
Credit to chrometot.

[112670] Medium CVE-2011-3025: Out-of-bounds read in h.264 parsing.
Credit to Slawomir Blazek.

[112822] High CVE-2011-3026: Integer overflow / truncation in libpng.
Credit to Juri Aedla.

[112847] Medium CVE-2011-3027: Bad cast in column handling. Credit to
miaubiz."
  );
  # http://googlechromereleases.blogspot.com/search/label/Stable%20updates
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.nessus.org/u?29fa020e"
  );
  # http://www.freebsd.org/ports/portaudit/2f5ff968-5829-11e1-8288-00262d5ed8ee.html
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.nessus.org/u?758fd594"
  );
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"solution", value:"Update the affected package.");
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:freebsd:freebsd:chromium");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:freebsd:freebsd");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2012/02/15");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2012/02/15");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2012/02/16");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2012-2013 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");
  script_family(english:"FreeBSD Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/FreeBSD/release", "Host/FreeBSD/pkg_info");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("freebsd_package.inc");


if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
if (!get_kb_item("Host/FreeBSD/release")) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "FreeBSD");
if (!get_kb_item("Host/FreeBSD/pkg_info")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);


flag = 0;

if (pkg_test(save_report:TRUE, pkg:"chromium<17.0.963.56")) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  if (report_verbosity > 0) security_hole(port:0, extra:pkg_report_get());
  else security_hole(0);
  exit(0);
}
else audit(AUDIT_HOST_NOT, "affected");
  • NASL familySuSE Local Security Checks
    NASL idOPENSUSE-2012-142.NASL
    descriptionChromium version 19.0.1046 and v8 version 3.9.7.0 fix several security issues.
    last seen2020-06-05
    modified2014-06-13
    plugin id74563
    published2014-06-13
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2014-2020 Tenable Network Security, Inc.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/74563
    titleopenSUSE Security Update : chromium / v8 (openSUSE-2012-142)
    code
    #%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502
#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were
# extracted from openSUSE Security Update openSUSE-2012-142.
#
# The text description of this plugin is (C) SUSE LLC.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(74563);
  script_version("1.2");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_modification_date", value:"2020/06/04");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2011-3015", "CVE-2011-3016", "CVE-2011-3017", "CVE-2011-3018", "CVE-2011-3019", "CVE-2011-3020", "CVE-2011-3021", "CVE-2011-3022", "CVE-2011-3023", "CVE-2011-3024", "CVE-2011-3025", "CVE-2011-3026", "CVE-2011-3027", "CVE-2011-3953", "CVE-2011-3954", "CVE-2011-3955", "CVE-2011-3956", "CVE-2011-3957", "CVE-2011-3958", "CVE-2011-3959", "CVE-2011-3960", "CVE-2011-3961", "CVE-2011-3962", "CVE-2011-3963", "CVE-2011-3964", "CVE-2011-3965", "CVE-2011-3966", "CVE-2011-3967", "CVE-2011-3968", "CVE-2011-3969", "CVE-2011-3970", "CVE-2011-3971", "CVE-2011-3972");

  script_name(english:"openSUSE Security Update : chromium / v8 (openSUSE-2012-142)");
  script_summary(english:"Check for the openSUSE-2012-142 patch");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote openSUSE host is missing a security update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"Chromium version 19.0.1046 and v8 version 3.9.7.0 fix several security
issues."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://bugzilla.novell.com/show_bug.cgi?id=747327"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"solution", 
    value:"Update the affected chromium / v8 packages."
  );
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:C/I:C/A:C");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-debugsource");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-desktop-gnome");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-desktop-kde");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-suid-helper");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:chromium-suid-helper-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libv8-3");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libv8-3-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:v8-debugsource");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:v8-devel");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:v8-private-headers-devel");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:novell:opensuse:12.1");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2012/02/28");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2014/06/13");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2014-2020 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");
  script_family(english:"SuSE Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/SuSE/release", "Host/SuSE/rpm-list", "Host/cpu");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("global_settings.inc");
include("rpm.inc");

if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
release = get_kb_item("Host/SuSE/release");
if (isnull(release) || release =~ "^(SLED|SLES)") audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "openSUSE");
if (release !~ "^(SUSE12\.1)$") audit(AUDIT_OS_RELEASE_NOT, "openSUSE", "12.1", release);
if (!get_kb_item("Host/SuSE/rpm-list")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);

ourarch = get_kb_item("Host/cpu");
if (!ourarch) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_ARCH);
if (ourarch !~ "^(i586|i686|x86_64)$") audit(AUDIT_ARCH_NOT, "i586 / i686 / x86_64", ourarch);

flag = 0;

if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-debuginfo-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-debugsource-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-desktop-gnome-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-desktop-kde-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-suid-helper-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"chromium-suid-helper-debuginfo-19.0.1046.0-1.9.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"libv8-3-3.9.7.0-1.13.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"libv8-3-debuginfo-3.9.7.0-1.13.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"v8-debugsource-3.9.7.0-1.13.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"v8-devel-3.9.7.0-1.13.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE12.1", reference:"v8-private-headers-devel-3.9.7.0-1.13.1") ) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  if (report_verbosity > 0) security_hole(port:0, extra:rpm_report_get());
  else security_hole(0);
  exit(0);
}
else
{
  tested = pkg_tests_get();
  if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
  else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "chromium / chromium-debuginfo / chromium-debugsource / etc");
}

Oval

accepted2014-04-07T04:01:43.708-04:00
classvulnerability
contributors
  • nameAharon Chernin
    organizationDTCC
  • nameShane Shaffer
    organizationG2, Inc.
  • nameShane Shaffer
    organizationG2, Inc.
  • nameShane Shaffer
    organizationG2, Inc.
  • nameMaria Kedovskaya
    organizationALTX-SOFT
  • nameMaria Kedovskaya
    organizationALTX-SOFT
  • nameMaria Mikhno
    organizationALTX-SOFT
definition_extensions
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
  • commentGoogle Chrome is installed
    ovaloval:org.mitre.oval:def:11914
descriptionMultiple integer overflows in the PDF codecs in Google Chrome before 17.0.963.56 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.
familywindows
idoval:org.mitre.oval:def:14690
statusaccepted
submitted2012-02-17T15:24:52.000-05:00
titleMultiple integer overflows in the PDF codecs in Google Chrome before 17.0.963.56 allow remote attackers to cause a denial of service or possibly have unspecified other impact via unknown vectors.
version50

References