Vulnerabilities > CVE-2005-0472 - Remote Denial of Service vulnerability in Gaim

#%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502
#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were  
# extracted from Red Hat Security Advisory RHSA-2005:432. The text 
# itself is copyright (C) Red Hat, Inc.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(18241);
  script_version ("1.22");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/10/25 13:36:11");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2005-0472", "CVE-2005-1261");
  script_xref(name:"RHSA", value:"2005:432");

  script_name(english:"RHEL 2.1 : gaim (RHSA-2005:432)");
  script_summary(english:"Checks the rpm output for the updated package");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote Red Hat host is missing a security update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"An updated gaim package that fixes security issues is now available
for Red Hat Enterprise Linux 2.1.

This update has been rated as having critical security impact by the
Red Hat Security Response Team.

The Gaim application is a multi-protocol instant messaging client.

A stack based buffer overflow bug was found in the way gaim processes
a message containing a URL. A remote attacker could send a carefully
crafted message resulting in the execution of arbitrary code on a
victim's machine. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures project
(cve.mitre.org) has assigned the name CVE-2005-1261 to this issue.

A bug in the way Gaim processes SNAC packets was discovered. It is
possible that a remote attacker could send a specially crafted SNAC
packet to a Gaim client, causing the client to stop responding. The
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures project (cve.mitre.org) has
assigned the name CVE-2005-0472 to this issue.

Users of Gaim are advised to upgrade to this updated package which
contains gaim version 0.59.9 with backported patches to correct these
issues."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2005-0472"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2005-1261"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2005:432"
  );
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"solution", value:"Update the affected gaim package.");
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:gaim");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:2.1");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2005/03/14");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2005/05/11");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2005/05/11");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"generated_plugin", value:"current");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2005-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.");
  script_family(english:"Red Hat Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/RedHat/release", "Host/RedHat/rpm-list", "Host/cpu");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("global_settings.inc");
include("misc_func.inc");
include("rpm.inc");

if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
release = get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/release");
if (isnull(release) || "Red Hat" >!< release) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Red Hat");
os_ver = pregmatch(pattern: "Red Hat Enterprise Linux.*release ([0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?)", string:release);
if (isnull(os_ver)) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_APP_VER, "Red Hat");
os_ver = os_ver[1];
if (! preg(pattern:"^2\.1([^0-9]|$)", string:os_ver)) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Red Hat 2.1", "Red Hat " + os_ver);

if (!get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/rpm-list")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);

cpu = get_kb_item("Host/cpu");
if (isnull(cpu)) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_ARCH);
if ("x86_64" >!< cpu && cpu !~ "^i[3-6]86$" && "s390" >!< cpu) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, "Red Hat", cpu);
if (cpu !~ "^i[3-6]86$") audit(AUDIT_ARCH_NOT, "i386", cpu);

yum_updateinfo = get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/yum-updateinfo");
if (!empty_or_null(yum_updateinfo)) 
{
  rhsa = "RHSA-2005:432";
  yum_report = redhat_generate_yum_updateinfo_report(rhsa:rhsa);
  if (!empty_or_null(yum_report))
  {
    security_report_v4(
      port       : 0,
      severity   : SECURITY_HOLE,
      extra      : yum_report 
    );
    exit(0);
  }
  else
  {
    audit_message = "affected by Red Hat security advisory " + rhsa;
    audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, audit_message);
  }
}
else
{
  flag = 0;
  if (rpm_check(release:"RHEL2.1", cpu:"i386", reference:"gaim-0.59.9-4.el2")) flag++;

  if (flag)
  {
    security_report_v4(
      port       : 0,
      severity   : SECURITY_HOLE,
      extra      : rpm_report_get() + redhat_report_package_caveat()
    );
    exit(0);
  }
  else
  {
    tested = pkg_tests_get();
    if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
    else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "gaim");
  }
}

#%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502
#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were
# extracted from Gentoo Linux Security Advisory GLSA 200503-03.
#
# The advisory text is Copyright (C) 2001-2015 Gentoo Foundation, Inc.
# and licensed under the Creative Commons - Attribution / Share Alike 
# license. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/3.0/
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(17250);
  script_version("1.16");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/08/02 13:32:42");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2005-0208", "CVE-2005-0472", "CVE-2005-0473");
  script_xref(name:"GLSA", value:"200503-03");

  script_name(english:"GLSA-200503-03 : Gaim: Multiple Denial of Service issues");
  script_summary(english:"Checks for updated package(s) in /var/db/pkg");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:
"The remote Gentoo host is missing one or more security-related
patches."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"The remote host is affected by the vulnerability described in GLSA-200503-03
(Gaim: Multiple Denial of Service issues)

    Specially crafted SNAC packets sent by other instant-messaging
    users can cause Gaim to loop endlessly (CAN-2005-0472). Malformed HTML
    code could lead to invalid memory accesses (CAN-2005-0208 and
    CAN-2005-0473).
  
Impact :

    Remote attackers could exploit these issues, resulting in a Denial
    of Service.
  
Workaround :

    There is no known workaround at this time."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://security.gentoo.org/glsa/200503-03"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"solution", 
    value:
"All Gaim users should upgrade to the latest version:
    # emerge --sync
    # emerge --ask --oneshot --verbose '>=net-im/gaim-1.1.4'"
  );
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:gentoo:linux:gaim");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:gentoo:linux");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2005/03/01");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2005/03/02");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2005/02/17");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2005-2019 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");
  script_family(english:"Gentoo Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/Gentoo/release", "Host/Gentoo/qpkg-list");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("global_settings.inc");
include("qpkg.inc");

if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
if (!get_kb_item("Host/Gentoo/release")) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Gentoo");
if (!get_kb_item("Host/Gentoo/qpkg-list")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);


flag = 0;

if (qpkg_check(package:"net-im/gaim", unaffected:make_list("ge 1.1.4"), vulnerable:make_list("lt 1.1.4"))) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  if (report_verbosity > 0) security_warning(port:0, extra:qpkg_report_get());
  else security_warning(0);
  exit(0);
}
else
{
  tested = qpkg_tests_get();
  if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
  else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "Gaim");
}

#%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502
#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were  
# extracted from Red Hat Security Advisory RHSA-2005:215. The text 
# itself is copyright (C) Red Hat, Inc.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(17310);
  script_version ("1.26");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/10/25 13:36:11");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2005-0208", "CVE-2005-0472", "CVE-2005-0473");
  script_xref(name:"RHSA", value:"2005:215");

  script_name(english:"RHEL 3 / 4 : gaim (RHSA-2005:215)");
  script_summary(english:"Checks the rpm output for the updated package");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote Red Hat host is missing a security update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"An updated gaim package that fixes various security issues as well as
a number of bugs is now available.

This update has been rated as having important security impact by the
Red Hat Security Response Team.

The Gaim application is a multi-protocol instant messaging client.

Two HTML parsing bugs were discovered in Gaim. It is possible that a
remote attacker could send a specially crafted message to a Gaim
client, causing it to crash. The Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures
project (cve.mitre.org) has assigned the names CVE-2005-0208 and
CVE-2005-0473 to these issues.

A bug in the way Gaim processes SNAC packets was discovered. It is
possible that a remote attacker could send a specially crafted SNAC
packet to a Gaim client, causing the client to stop responding. The
Common Vulnerabilities and Exposures project (cve.mitre.org) has
assigned the name CVE-2005-0472 to this issue.

Additionally, various client crashes, memory leaks, and protocol
issues have been resolved.

Users of Gaim are advised to upgrade to this updated package which
contains Gaim version 1.1.4 and is not vulnerable to these issues."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2005-0208"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2005-0472"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/security/cve/cve-2005-0473"
  );
  # http://gaim.sourceforge.net/security/index.php?id=10
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.pidgin.im/security/index.php?id=10"
  );
  # http://gaim.sourceforge.net/security/index.php?id=11
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.pidgin.im/security/index.php?id=11"
  );
  # http://gaim.sourceforge.net/security/index.php?id=12
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.pidgin.im/security/index.php?id=12"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://access.redhat.com/errata/RHSA-2005:215"
  );
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"solution", value:"Update the affected gaim package.");
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:redhat:enterprise_linux:gaim");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:3");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:redhat:enterprise_linux:4");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2005/03/14");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2005/03/10");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2005/03/10");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"generated_plugin", value:"current");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2005-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.");
  script_family(english:"Red Hat Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/RedHat/release", "Host/RedHat/rpm-list", "Host/cpu");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("global_settings.inc");
include("misc_func.inc");
include("rpm.inc");

if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
release = get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/release");
if (isnull(release) || "Red Hat" >!< release) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Red Hat");
os_ver = pregmatch(pattern: "Red Hat Enterprise Linux.*release ([0-9]+(\.[0-9]+)?)", string:release);
if (isnull(os_ver)) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_APP_VER, "Red Hat");
os_ver = os_ver[1];
if (! preg(pattern:"^(3|4)([^0-9]|$)", string:os_ver)) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Red Hat 3.x / 4.x", "Red Hat " + os_ver);

if (!get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/rpm-list")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);

cpu = get_kb_item("Host/cpu");
if (isnull(cpu)) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_ARCH);
if ("x86_64" >!< cpu && cpu !~ "^i[3-6]86$" && "s390" >!< cpu) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, "Red Hat", cpu);

yum_updateinfo = get_kb_item("Host/RedHat/yum-updateinfo");
if (!empty_or_null(yum_updateinfo)) 
{
  rhsa = "RHSA-2005:215";
  yum_report = redhat_generate_yum_updateinfo_report(rhsa:rhsa);
  if (!empty_or_null(yum_report))
  {
    security_report_v4(
      port       : 0,
      severity   : SECURITY_WARNING,
      extra      : yum_report 
    );
    exit(0);
  }
  else
  {
    audit_message = "affected by Red Hat security advisory " + rhsa;
    audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, audit_message);
  }
}
else
{
  flag = 0;
  if (rpm_check(release:"RHEL3", reference:"gaim-1.1.4-1.EL3.1")) flag++;

  if (rpm_check(release:"RHEL4", reference:"gaim-1.1.4-1.EL4")) flag++;

  if (flag)
  {
    security_report_v4(
      port       : 0,
      severity   : SECURITY_WARNING,
      extra      : rpm_report_get() + redhat_report_package_caveat()
    );
    exit(0);
  }
  else
  {
    tested = pkg_tests_get();
    if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
    else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "gaim");
  }
}

#%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502

#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were
# extracted from Ubuntu Security Notice USN-85-1. The text 
# itself is copyright (C) Canonical, Inc. See 
# <http://www.ubuntu.com/usn/>. Ubuntu(R) is a registered 
# trademark of Canonical, Inc.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(20710);
  script_version("1.14");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/08/02 13:33:00");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2005-0208", "CVE-2005-0472", "CVE-2005-0473");
  script_xref(name:"USN", value:"85-1");

  script_name(english:"Ubuntu 4.10 : gaim vulnerabilities (USN-85-1)");
  script_summary(english:"Checks dpkg output for updated package.");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote Ubuntu host is missing a security-related patch."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"The Gaim developers discovered that the HTML parser did not
sufficiently validate its input. This allowed a remote attacker to
crash the Gaim client by sending certain malformed HTML messages.
(CAN-2005-0208, CAN-2005-0473)

Another lack of sufficient input validation was found in the 'Oscar'
protocol handler which is used for ICQ and AIM. By sending specially
crafted packets, remote users could trigger an infinite loop in Gaim
which caused Gaim to become unresponsive and hang. (CAN-2005-0472).

Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding
description block directly from the Ubuntu security advisory. Tenable
has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible
without introducing additional issues."
  );
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"solution", value:"Update the affected gaim package.");
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:canonical:ubuntu_linux:gaim");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:canonical:ubuntu_linux:4.10");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2005/02/25");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2006/01/15");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"Ubuntu Security Notice (C) 2005-2019 Canonical, Inc. / NASL script (C) 2006-2016 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");
  script_family(english:"Ubuntu Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/cpu", "Host/Ubuntu", "Host/Ubuntu/release", "Host/Debian/dpkg-l");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("ubuntu.inc");
include("misc_func.inc");

if ( ! get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled") ) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
release = get_kb_item("Host/Ubuntu/release");
if ( isnull(release) ) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Ubuntu");
release = chomp(release);
if (! ereg(pattern:"^(4\.10)$", string:release)) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Ubuntu 4.10", "Ubuntu " + release);
if ( ! get_kb_item("Host/Debian/dpkg-l") ) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);

cpu = get_kb_item("Host/cpu");
if (isnull(cpu)) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_ARCH);
if ("x86_64" >!< cpu && cpu !~ "^i[3-6]86$") audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_IMPLEMENTED, "Ubuntu", cpu);

flag = 0;

if (ubuntu_check(osver:"4.10", pkgname:"gaim", pkgver:"1.0.0-1ubuntu1.2")) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  security_report_v4(
    port       : 0,
    severity   : SECURITY_WARNING,
    extra      : ubuntu_report_get()
  );
  exit(0);
}
else
{
  tested = ubuntu_pkg_tests_get();
  if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
  else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "gaim");
}

#%NASL_MIN_LEVEL 80502

#
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were  
# extracted from Debian Security Advisory DSA-716. The text 
# itself is copyright (C) Software in the Public Interest, Inc.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(18152);
  script_version("1.18");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/08/02 13:32:18");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2005-0472");
  script_xref(name:"DSA", value:"716");

  script_name(english:"Debian DSA-716-1 : gaim - denial of service");
  script_summary(english:"Checks dpkg output for the updated package");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote Debian host is missing a security-related update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"It has been discovered that certain malformed SNAC packets sent by
other AIM or ICQ users can trigger an infinite loop in Gaim, a
multi-protocol instant messaging client, and hence lead to a denial of
service of the client.

Two more denial of service conditions have been discovered in newer
versions of Gaim which are fixed in the package in sid but are not
present in the package in woody."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"http://www.debian.org/security/2005/dsa-716"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"solution", 
    value:
"Upgrade the gaim packages.

For the stable distribution (woody) this problem has been fixed in
version 0.58-2.5."
  );
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:L/Au:N/C:N/I:N/A:P");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:debian:debian_linux:gaim");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:debian:debian_linux:3.0");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2005/04/27");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2005/04/28");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"vuln_publication_date", value:"2005/02/17");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2005-2019 Tenable Network Security, Inc.");
  script_family(english:"Debian Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/Debian/release", "Host/Debian/dpkg-l");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("debian_package.inc");


if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
if (!get_kb_item("Host/Debian/release")) audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "Debian");
if (!get_kb_item("Host/Debian/dpkg-l")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);


flag = 0;
if (deb_check(release:"3.0", prefix:"gaim", reference:"0.58-2.5")) flag++;
if (deb_check(release:"3.0", prefix:"gaim-common", reference:"0.58-2.5")) flag++;
if (deb_check(release:"3.0", prefix:"gaim-gnome", reference:"0.58-2.5")) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  if (report_verbosity > 0) security_warning(port:0, extra:deb_report_get());
  else security_warning(0);
  exit(0);
}
else audit(AUDIT_HOST_NOT, "affected");