Vulnerabilities > CVE-2018-4359 - Improper Restriction of Operations within the Bounds of a Memory Buffer vulnerability in Apple products

047910
CVSS 8.8 - HIGH
Attack vector
NETWORK
Attack complexity
LOW
Privileges required
NONE
Confidentiality impact
HIGH
Integrity impact
HIGH
Availability impact
HIGH
network
low complexity
apple
CWE-119
nessus
NVD
Published: 2019-04-03
Updated: 2024-11-21

Summary

Multiple memory corruption issues were addressed with improved memory handling. This issue affected versions prior to iOS 12, tvOS 12, watchOS 5, Safari 12, iTunes 12.9 for Windows, iCloud for Windows 7.7.

Vulnerable Configurations

Part Description Count
OS
Apple
270
OS
Microsoft
1
Application
Apple
411

Common Weakness Enumeration (CWE)

Common Attack Pattern Enumeration and Classification (CAPEC)

  • Buffer Overflow via Environment Variables
    This attack pattern involves causing a buffer overflow through manipulation of environment variables. Once the attacker finds that they can modify an environment variable, they may try to overflow associated buffers. This attack leverages implicit trust often placed in environment variables.
  • Overflow Buffers
    Buffer Overflow attacks target improper or missing bounds checking on buffer operations, typically triggered by input injected by an attacker. As a consequence, an attacker is able to write past the boundaries of allocated buffer regions in memory, causing a program crash or potentially redirection of execution as per the attackers' choice.
  • Client-side Injection-induced Buffer Overflow
    This type of attack exploits a buffer overflow vulnerability in targeted client software through injection of malicious content from a custom-built hostile service.
  • Filter Failure through Buffer Overflow
    In this attack, the idea is to cause an active filter to fail by causing an oversized transaction. An attacker may try to feed overly long input strings to the program in an attempt to overwhelm the filter (by causing a buffer overflow) and hoping that the filter does not fail securely (i.e. the user input is let into the system unfiltered).
  • MIME Conversion
    An attacker exploits a weakness in the MIME conversion routine to cause a buffer overflow and gain control over the mail server machine. The MIME system is designed to allow various different information formats to be interpreted and sent via e-mail. Attack points exist when data are converted to MIME compatible format and back.

Nessus

  • NASL familySuSE Local Security Checks
    NASL idOPENSUSE-2019-68.NASL
    descriptionThis update for webkit2gtk3 to version 2.22.4 fixes the following issues : Security issues fixed : CVE-2018-4191, CVE-2018-4197, CVE-2018-4299, CVE-2018-4306, CVE-2018-4309, CVE-2018-4392, CVE-2018-4312, CVE-2018-4314, CVE-2018-4315, CVE-2018-4316, CVE-2018-4317, CVE-2018-4318, CVE-2018-4319, CVE-2018-4323, CVE-2018-4328, CVE-2018-4358, CVE-2018-4359, CVE-2018-4361, CVE-2018-4345, CVE-2018-4372, CVE-2018-4373, CVE-2018-4375, CVE-2018-4376, CVE-2018-4416, CVE-2018-4378, CVE-2018-4382, CVE-2018-4386 (bsc#1110279, bsc#1116998). This update was imported from the SUSE:SLE-12-SP2:Update update project.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id121291
    published2019-01-22
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/121291
    titleopenSUSE Security Update : webkit2gtk3 (openSUSE-2019-68)
    code
    #
# (C) Tenable Network Security, Inc.
#
# The descriptive text and package checks in this plugin were
# extracted from openSUSE Security Update openSUSE-2019-68.
#
# The text description of this plugin is (C) SUSE LLC.
#

include("compat.inc");

if (description)
{
  script_id(121291);
  script_version("1.2");
  script_cvs_date("Date: 2019/04/30 14:30:16");

  script_cve_id("CVE-2018-4191", "CVE-2018-4197", "CVE-2018-4207", "CVE-2018-4208", "CVE-2018-4209", "CVE-2018-4210", "CVE-2018-4212", "CVE-2018-4213", "CVE-2018-4261", "CVE-2018-4262", "CVE-2018-4263", "CVE-2018-4264", "CVE-2018-4265", "CVE-2018-4266", "CVE-2018-4267", "CVE-2018-4270", "CVE-2018-4272", "CVE-2018-4273", "CVE-2018-4278", "CVE-2018-4284", "CVE-2018-4299", "CVE-2018-4306", "CVE-2018-4309", "CVE-2018-4312", "CVE-2018-4314", "CVE-2018-4315", "CVE-2018-4316", "CVE-2018-4317", "CVE-2018-4318", "CVE-2018-4319", "CVE-2018-4323", "CVE-2018-4328", "CVE-2018-4345", "CVE-2018-4358", "CVE-2018-4359", "CVE-2018-4361", "CVE-2018-4372", "CVE-2018-4373", "CVE-2018-4375", "CVE-2018-4376", "CVE-2018-4378", "CVE-2018-4382", "CVE-2018-4386", "CVE-2018-4392", "CVE-2018-4416");

  script_name(english:"openSUSE Security Update : webkit2gtk3 (openSUSE-2019-68)");
  script_summary(english:"Check for the openSUSE-2019-68 patch");

  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"synopsis", 
    value:"The remote openSUSE host is missing a security update."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"description", 
    value:
"This update for webkit2gtk3 to version 2.22.4 fixes the following
issues :

Security issues fixed :

CVE-2018-4191, CVE-2018-4197, CVE-2018-4299, CVE-2018-4306,
CVE-2018-4309, CVE-2018-4392, CVE-2018-4312, CVE-2018-4314,
CVE-2018-4315, CVE-2018-4316, CVE-2018-4317, CVE-2018-4318,
CVE-2018-4319, CVE-2018-4323, CVE-2018-4328, CVE-2018-4358,
CVE-2018-4359, CVE-2018-4361, CVE-2018-4345, CVE-2018-4372,
CVE-2018-4373, CVE-2018-4375, CVE-2018-4376, CVE-2018-4416,
CVE-2018-4378, CVE-2018-4382, CVE-2018-4386 (bsc#1110279,
bsc#1116998). This update was imported from the SUSE:SLE-12-SP2:Update
update project."
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://bugzilla.opensuse.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1110279"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"see_also",
    value:"https://bugzilla.opensuse.org/show_bug.cgi?id=1116998"
  );
  script_set_attribute(
    attribute:"solution", 
    value:"Update the affected webkit2gtk3 packages."
  );
  script_set_cvss_base_vector("CVSS2#AV:N/AC:M/Au:N/C:P/I:P/A:P");
  script_set_cvss_temporal_vector("CVSS2#E:POC/RL:OF/RC:C");
  script_set_cvss3_base_vector("CVSS:3.0/AV:N/AC:L/PR:N/UI:R/S:U/C:H/I:H/A:H");
  script_set_cvss3_temporal_vector("CVSS:3.0/E:P/RL:O/RC:C");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"exploitability_ease", value:"Exploits are available");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"exploit_available", value:"true");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_type", value:"local");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-32bit");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-debuginfo-32bit");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-32bit");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-debuginfo-32bit");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:libwebkit2gtk3-lang");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:typelib-1_0-JavaScriptCore-4_0");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:typelib-1_0-WebKit2-4_0");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:typelib-1_0-WebKit2WebExtension-4_0");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit-jsc-4");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit-jsc-4-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk-4_0-injected-bundles");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk-4_0-injected-bundles-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-debugsource");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-devel");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-minibrowser");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-minibrowser-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-plugin-process-gtk2");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"p-cpe:/a:novell:opensuse:webkit2gtk3-plugin-process-gtk2-debuginfo");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"cpe", value:"cpe:/o:novell:opensuse:42.3");

  script_set_attribute(attribute:"patch_publication_date", value:"2019/01/21");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"plugin_publication_date", value:"2019/01/22");
  script_set_attribute(attribute:"generated_plugin", value:"current");
  script_end_attributes();

  script_category(ACT_GATHER_INFO);
  script_copyright(english:"This script is Copyright (C) 2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.");
  script_family(english:"SuSE Local Security Checks");

  script_dependencies("ssh_get_info.nasl");
  script_require_keys("Host/local_checks_enabled", "Host/SuSE/release", "Host/SuSE/rpm-list", "Host/cpu");

  exit(0);
}


include("audit.inc");
include("global_settings.inc");
include("rpm.inc");

if (!get_kb_item("Host/local_checks_enabled")) audit(AUDIT_LOCAL_CHECKS_NOT_ENABLED);
release = get_kb_item("Host/SuSE/release");
if (isnull(release) || release =~ "^(SLED|SLES)") audit(AUDIT_OS_NOT, "openSUSE");
if (release !~ "^(SUSE42\.3)$") audit(AUDIT_OS_RELEASE_NOT, "openSUSE", "42.3", release);
if (!get_kb_item("Host/SuSE/rpm-list")) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_LIST_MISSING);

ourarch = get_kb_item("Host/cpu");
if (!ourarch) audit(AUDIT_UNKNOWN_ARCH);
if (ourarch !~ "^(i586|i686|x86_64)$") audit(AUDIT_ARCH_NOT, "i586 / i686 / x86_64", ourarch);

flag = 0;

if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"libwebkit2gtk3-lang-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"typelib-1_0-JavaScriptCore-4_0-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"typelib-1_0-WebKit2-4_0-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"typelib-1_0-WebKit2WebExtension-4_0-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit-jsc-4-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit-jsc-4-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk-4_0-injected-bundles-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk-4_0-injected-bundles-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-debugsource-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-devel-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-minibrowser-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-minibrowser-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-plugin-process-gtk2-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", reference:"webkit2gtk3-plugin-process-gtk2-debuginfo-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", cpu:"x86_64", reference:"libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-32bit-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", cpu:"x86_64", reference:"libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-debuginfo-32bit-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", cpu:"x86_64", reference:"libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-32bit-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;
if ( rpm_check(release:"SUSE42.3", cpu:"x86_64", reference:"libwebkit2gtk-4_0-37-debuginfo-32bit-2.22.4-15.1") ) flag++;

if (flag)
{
  if (report_verbosity > 0) security_warning(port:0, extra:rpm_report_get());
  else security_warning(0);
  exit(0);
}
else
{
  tested = pkg_tests_get();
  if (tested) audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_AFFECTED, tested);
  else audit(AUDIT_PACKAGE_NOT_INSTALLED, "libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18 / libjavascriptcoregtk-4_0-18-32bit / etc");
}
  • NASL familyUbuntu Local Security Checks
    NASL idUBUNTU_USN-3781-1.NASL
    descriptionA large number of security issues were discovered in the WebKitGTK+ Web and JavaScript engines. If a user were tricked into viewing a malicious website, a remote attacker could exploit a variety of issues related to web browser security, including cross-site scripting attacks, denial of service attacks, and arbitrary code execution. Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the Ubuntu security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id117914
    published2018-10-04
    reporterUbuntu Security Notice (C) 2018-2019 Canonical, Inc. / NASL script (C) 2018-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/117914
    titleUbuntu 18.04 LTS : webkit2gtk vulnerabilities (USN-3781-1)
  • NASL familyMacOS X Local Security Checks
    NASL idMACOSX_SAFARI12.NASL
    descriptionThe version of Apple Safari installed on the remote macOS or Mac OS X host is prior to 12. It is, therefore, affected by multiple vulnerabilities.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id117617
    published2018-09-20
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2018-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/117617
    titlemacOS : Apple Safari < 12 Multiple Vulnerabilities
  • NASL familyWindows
    NASL idITUNES_12_9.NASL
    descriptionThe version of Apple iTunes installed on the remote Windows host is prior to 12.9. It is, therefore, affected by multiple vulnerabilities as referenced in the HT209140 advisory. Note that Nessus has not tested for this issue but has instead relied only on the application
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id117880
    published2018-10-02
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2018-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/117880
    titleApple iTunes < 12.9 Multiple Vulnerabilities (credentialed check)
  • NASL familySuSE Local Security Checks
    NASL idSUSE_SU-2019-0092-1.NASL
    descriptionThis update for webkit2gtk3 to version 2.22.5 fixes the following issues : Security issues fixed : CVE-2018-4372, CVE-2018-4345, CVE-2018-4386, CVE-2018-4375, CVE-2018-4376, CVE-2018-4378, CVE-2018-4382, CVE-2018-4392, CVE-2018-4416, CVE-2018-4191, CVE-2018-4197, CVE-2018-4299, CVE-2018-4306, CVE-2018-4309, CVE-2018-4312, CVE-2018-4314, CVE-2018-4315, CVE-2018-4316, CVE-2018-4317, CVE-2018-4318, CVE-2018-4319, CVE-2018-4323, CVE-2018-4328, CVE-2018-4358, CVE-2018-4359, CVE-2018-4361, CVE-2018-4373, CVE-2018-4162, CVE-2018-4163, CVE-2018-4165, CVE-2018-11713, CVE-2018-4207, CVE-2018-4208, CVE-2018-4209, CVE-2018-4210, CVE-2018-4212, CVE-2018-4213, CVE-2018-4437, CVE-2018-4438, CVE-2018-4441, CVE-2018-4442, CVE-2018-4443, CVE-2018-4464 (bsc#1119558, bsc#1116998, bsc#1110279) Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the SUSE security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id121206
    published2019-01-16
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/121206
    titleSUSE SLED15 / SLES15 Security Update : webkit2gtk3 (SUSE-SU-2019:0092-1)
  • NASL familySuSE Local Security Checks
    NASL idOPENSUSE-2019-81.NASL
    descriptionThis update for webkit2gtk3 to version 2.22.5 fixes the following issues : Security issues fixed : - CVE-2018-4372, CVE-2018-4345, CVE-2018-4386, CVE-2018-4375, CVE-2018-4376, CVE-2018-4378, CVE-2018-4382, CVE-2018-4392, CVE-2018-4416, CVE-2018-4191, CVE-2018-4197, CVE-2018-4299, CVE-2018-4306, CVE-2018-4309, CVE-2018-4312, CVE-2018-4314, CVE-2018-4315, CVE-2018-4316, CVE-2018-4317, CVE-2018-4318, CVE-2018-4319, CVE-2018-4323, CVE-2018-4328, CVE-2018-4358, CVE-2018-4359, CVE-2018-4361, CVE-2018-4373, CVE-2018-4162, CVE-2018-4163, CVE-2018-4165, CVE-2018-11713, CVE-2018-4207, CVE-2018-4208, CVE-2018-4209, CVE-2018-4210, CVE-2018-4212, CVE-2018-4213, CVE-2018-4437, CVE-2018-4438, CVE-2018-4441, CVE-2018-4442, CVE-2018-4443, CVE-2018-4464 (bsc#1119558, bsc#1116998, bsc#1110279) This update was imported from the SUSE:SLE-15:Update update project.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id121339
    published2019-01-24
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/121339
    titleopenSUSE Security Update : webkit2gtk3 (openSUSE-2019-81)
  • NASL familyPeer-To-Peer File Sharing
    NASL idITUNES_12_9_BANNER.NASL
    descriptionThe version of Apple iTunes installed on the remote Windows host is prior to 12.9. It is, therefore, affected by multiple vulnerabilities in WebKit as referenced in the HT209140 advisory. Note that Nessus has not tested for this issue but has instead relied only on the application
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id117879
    published2018-10-02
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2018-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/117879
    titleApple iTunes < 12.9 Multiple Vulnerabilities (uncredentialed check)
  • NASL familySuSE Local Security Checks
    NASL idSUSE_SU-2019-0059-1.NASL
    descriptionThis update for webkit2gtk3 to version 2.22.4 fixes the following issues : Security issues fixed : CVE-2018-4191, CVE-2018-4197, CVE-2018-4299, CVE-2018-4306, CVE-2018-4309, CVE-2018-4392, CVE-2018-4312, CVE-2018-4314, CVE-2018-4315, CVE-2018-4316, CVE-2018-4317, CVE-2018-4318, CVE-2018-4319, CVE-2018-4323, CVE-2018-4328, CVE-2018-4358, CVE-2018-4359, CVE-2018-4361, CVE-2018-4345, CVE-2018-4372, CVE-2018-4373, CVE-2018-4375, CVE-2018-4376, CVE-2018-4416, CVE-2018-4378, CVE-2018-4382, CVE-2018-4386 (bsc#1110279, bsc#1116998). Note that Tenable Network Security has extracted the preceding description block directly from the SUSE security advisory. Tenable has attempted to automatically clean and format it as much as possible without introducing additional issues.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id121093
    published2019-01-11
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/121093
    titleSUSE SLED12 / SLES12 Security Update : webkit2gtk3 (SUSE-SU-2019:0059-1)
  • NASL familyGentoo Local Security Checks
    NASL idGENTOO_GLSA-201812-04.NASL
    descriptionThe remote host is affected by the vulnerability described in GLSA-201812-04 (WebkitGTK+: Multiple vulnerabilities) Multiple vulnerabilities have been discovered in WebKitGTK+. Please review the referenced CVE identifiers for details. Impact : A remote attacker could execute arbitrary commands or cause a Denial of Service condition via maliciously crafted web content. Workaround : There is no known workaround at this time.
    last seen2020-06-01
    modified2020-06-02
    plugin id119323
    published2018-12-03
    reporterThis script is Copyright (C) 2018-2019 and is owned by Tenable, Inc. or an Affiliate thereof.
    sourcehttps://www.tenable.com/plugins/nessus/119323
    titleGLSA-201812-04 : WebkitGTK+: Multiple vulnerabilities

References